• The need to shrink the global investing gap is increasingly urgent due to ageing populations, deteriorating public finances and the shift to defined-contribution retirement schemes.

  • Yet policymakers face complex challenges in designing retail investment systems that foster strong long-term investor outcomes and robust capital markets.

  • This research paper builds on Vanguard’s decades of research and experience to offer a set of measures intended to support policymakers’ informed decision-making.

  • By encouraging individuals to invest, we can drive greater financial security for millions of people and build more resilient retail investment systems.

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